Reflection On Communication In Experiencing Mental Illness Nursing Essay

Reflection On Communication In Experiencing Mental Illness Nursing Essay The reason for this task is to fundamentally think endless supply of my expert practice and improvement that emerged while out in clinical practice. The paper will show underscore dependent on correspondence. This reflection has been decided to feature the requirement for medical attendants to have remedial relational abilities so as to give comprehensive mind and empower a decent medical caretaker persistent relationship. Gibbs (1988) intelligent cycle has been picked as a system for this paper. To fulfill the prerequisites of the Data security Act (1998) just as the NMC (2007) code of expert direct, the sum total of what names have been changed to ensure personality in concordance with classification purposes. Reflection is a method of examining a past occurrence so as to advance learning and improvement. Gibbs (1988) intelligent cycle can be viewed as repeating in nature which joins six phases to empower me to constantly improve my gaining from the occasion for better practice later on. The six phases are: 1. Depiction 2. Sentiments 3. Assessment 4. Ananlysis 5. End 6. Activity plan. Depiction While out in arrangement I saw both positive and negative correspondence. During handover I was educated Maisey has dementia, deafness, animosity and transient memory misfortune. During handover Maisey moved toward the medical caretakers int he office who seemed to look extremely on edge and upset. The staff nurture brought her voice and up in a fixed tone advised Maisey to come back to her room, yelling we are to occupied presently, return to your room. The medical attendants and social insurance partners present in handover laughed among themselves, traded knowing looks and mirrored Maiseys voice saying she can be such an annoyance. Having not recently met Maisey I offered to help her with her own cleanliness needs and to make her bed. I thumped on her room entryway to which I at that point entered. Maisey stood up protectively and gave off an impression of being disturbed and angry. She yelled that she needed answers. I disclosed that I came to support her and would put forth a va liant effort to support her. Maisey then clarified that nobody had disclosed to her why she was in medical clinic nor did she know the where abouts of her little girl (principle parental figure). Looking into Maiseys care plan I discovered she had a fall at her girls (Barbara) house and her child educated me that Barbara was away on vacation for seven days. After the conversation with Maisey I reported it in her notes so different individuals from the Multi-disciplinary group would recognize that Maisey was unsure about the circumstance she was in. In the wake of addressing my guide and being increasingly learned on Maiseys circumstance, I came back to her with my tutor close by. I took a seat close to her and in a quiet, consoling, ameliorating way clarified the motivation behind why she was in clinic. Anyway Maisey seemed to look befuddled and requested that I address her in her left ear as she was hard of hearing. I calmly rehashed what I had stated, she looked more brilliant after I referenced her little girls name. Maisey posed a couple of more inquiries and I attempted to answer them precisely and certainly. Maisey grinned and trusted she knows that she can be absent minded however feels that she is being overlooked and that nobody minded to what she needed to state. She likewise said she was unable to rest as different patients were upsetting her. After the conversation I gave Maisey help with her own cleanliness needs to which she expressed gratitude toward me for taking the time and simply talking. Maisey had said she felt much better that somebody set aside the effort to hear her out concers and clarify what was happening as opposed to being overlooked and left in obscurity. Emotions I felt furious and disillusioned that the staff effectively concurred as a group that Maisey was simply confounded and depicting her an as irritation, without examining concerning why she appeared to be disturbed. I was in finished stun that as medical attendants they could rush to excuse Maisey the way the did. I was profoundly irritated that they all felt it was alrite to copy and snicker at a patient. I felt somewhat discouraged how nobody set aside the effort to clarify what was happening to Maisey. When I helped Maisey I felt glad that I set aside the effort to become more acquainted with her and thus observe an alternate side to things. I felt pleased I had the option to console and unwind Maisey so she could rest appropriately. Assessment I believe I have taken in a great deal from this involvement in Maisey and how the medical caretakers reacted to her when she was at an entirely defenseless time. It was anything but a pleasant experience as I feel things like this ought not occur by and by, anyway as far as a learning planned it was acceptable as it instructed me that it is central to be delicate towards a patient who is feeling bothered. It worked out positively as I have figured out the fact that it is so essential to show restraint, to set aside the effort to tune in to a patient as this can effectsly affect that people prosperity and the result with respect to how they are feeling. The manner in which the staff medical caretakers responded was not to the greatest advantage of the patient. I didn't care for their methodology, as they didn't put forth an attempt to show support or any understanding as she was known as a troublesome patient. Stockwell (1972) composed the notorious book The Unpopular Patient where s he clarifies that investigations of correspondence in nursing exhibit insufficiencies in nursing practice.â Stockwell (1972) depicts the medical attendant patient connection, demanding that such cooperation isn't generally acceptable, particularly when managing a troublesome or disagreeable patient. I feel the nursing group were uninformed to the way that Maisey experienced issues in hearing which more likely than not made it bothering for staff to continue rehashing themselves. This could have been a piece of the explanation regarding why Maisey was viewed as a disagreeable patient as she was viewed as requesting. Examination There was no collaboration among medical attendant and patient as Maisey moved toward the medical caretakers station, and to be ridiculed then excused more likely than not been a horrible encounter for her.â Davis (2008) clarifies how boisterous times, for example, handover, eating times and ward adjusts leave lacking opportunity to help patients who need it.â However, in the event that the nursing group had occupied with a little discussion with Maisey, she may have felt esteemed and comprehended, rather than upset and belittled.â The NMC Code (2008) obviously states numerous measures of lead which an enrolled attendant ought to be trusted to do, these including You should treat individuals benevolent and chivalrously and You should tune in to the individuals in your mind and react to their interests and preferences.â If as attendants we ought to agree to The Code (2008), a great deal of work is required to raise the attention to the significance of correspondence in the con veyance of care.â In 2007 the NMC presented Essential Skills Clusters.â These Essential Skills are to be conveyed by totally enlisted attendants, one of these bunches containing Care, Compassion and Communication.â The NMC presenting these bunches show the significance of relational abilities in nursing care, and centrality of correspondence in the nursing profession.â On this event, the nursing group didn't show care or sympathy for Maisey, and surely didn't take part in restorative discussion. Â As an understudy nurture I believed I had the information and aptitudes to move toward the patient to fittingly quiet and console her.â Heyward and Ramsdale (2008) clarify that a patient who thinks his attendant isn't tuning in to them will lose confidence in the administration a medical attendant gives, and in the attendants eagerness and capacity to do as they have promised.â They clarify that identifying with a patient demonstrates readiness to comprehend their nerves and cause the patient to feel more comfortable.â As I went into the room the patient stayed strong with a cautious stance, which I accepted that was utilizing non-verbal correspondence to advise me that she was dubious and suspicious of me.â This was brought about by the nursing groups handicap to make the patient their main goal and to tune in and react to her concerns.â Santamaria (1993) reveals to us that medical caretakers must arrangement with the full scope of human conduct, and simultaneously conv ey the highest caliber of care.â I recognized that Maisey was disturbed and allowed her the chance to pose inquiries and voice her interests, and thus caused her to feel uncommon by giving her my time.â As Maisey requested that I talk noisily into her correct ear I thought about whether her history of deafness had been precisely evaluated, as she was unquestionably not hard of hearing yet having correspondence difficulties.â Eradicating this issue with assistance of a discourse and language specialist or a listening device would have helped Maisey and the anxious staff massively in this situation.â In spite of the fact that I had been educated that the patient could be forceful, I dealt with the circumstance by identifying with her position and understanding her place of view.â Leadbetter and Patterson (1995) clarify the anticipation and the board of animosity ought to be managed by demonstrating sympathy and regard for the patients distinction and being certified, using a transparent manner.â Finally, uprightness, and monitoring ones own ability to deal with the situation.â Egan (1990) considers non-verbal correspondence to forestall vicious circumstances, for example, considering body act, gesturing to show intrigue and looking, yet not as if to compromise the patient in any capacity. Luckily, compassion and regard for Maisey helped her to trust and trust in me.â The explanation behind breaking down this specific area of the situation was to address the inquiry, Why did the medical attendant not feel proficiently prepared to move toward the patient herself, rather leaving the possibly forceful circumstance with an unaided student?â In the NMC Code (2008), guidance for an enrolled nurture is to perceive and work inside the restrictions of your capability, yet in addition to have the right stuff and information for sheltered and compelling practice.â I accept relational abilities

Five basic components of human societies Essay

There are five fundamental parts of the human social orders: populace, culture, material items, social association, and social foundations. These segments may either hinder or advance social change. The size of populace will incredibly influence the social change. On the off chance that the populace is enormous, odds are social changes will be advanced. More individuals will generally bring about more thoughts, pushing for changes in light of the fact that a bigger populace will create more issues and it has a more prominent requirement for arrangements. A huge populace will likewise have more standards and laws and assents. Culture incorporates values, convictions, standards, information, language, and images. Culture can both dissuade and advance social changes. A society’s conviction and qualities can be fundamental for innovation to develop and create. A few social orders will in general be increasingly preservationist and might want for things to keep on being the equivalent, which will probably deflect that society from social changes. In any case, as a general public increased more information, there will be individuals who will need to push for change in view of that picked up information. New data and disclosures will bring about new developments. Material items comprise of a restricted sum. Material items will be more probable advance changes since individuals will attempt to discover different choices for those current items. Social association is a system of connection between its individuals. There are individuals who hold social positions and political jobs that may deflect or advance changes. Reformers who hold office positions will convince more changes in the public arena while moderate will need things to continue as before. Social organizations comprise of the training framework, family, economy, government, and religion. A society’s training framework impacts the general public. On the off chance that that training framework is advancing changes, individuals in that society will grow up having that reasoning, the other way around. A person’s childhood will likewise impact a person’s push for change or discouragement of progress. The economy’s status holds extraordinary significance for change or not. In the event that an economy isn't doing so well, changes will probably happen. The legislature might be pushing for change if a reformist holds political position however on the off chance that a preservationist will need things to be the equivalent. Religion connects to aâ person’s conviction and qualities. Contingent upon the religion, an individual will be bound to have virtues and strict convictions that will either need change or stop from change.

Heroic styles of Beowulf and Sir Gawain Essay

From the beginning of time, various societies have held various ethics in the most elevated respect. The Anglo-Saxons, similar to the unknown scop of the sonnet Beowulf, esteemed quality and boldness over some other quality. Then again, the soonest English individuals, similar to the artist of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, regarded respect and the fundamental codes of valor over all else. Both Beowulf and Sir Gawain, in this manner, show the most preferred characteristics of their kin: Beowulf by vanquishing beasts, performing extraordinary accomplishments of mental fortitude, and recounting his deeds; Gawain by being steadfast, daring, and legit. The two arrangements of characteristics are shown all through every story. In Beowulf, expounded in on the fourth century AD, the hero’s first significant test is to battle a tremendous beast. In doing as such, he demonstrates his physical capacities, and consequently sets up his saint/pioneer status. To be the best, you must be the most grounded, and he says â€Å"Fate spares/the living when they drive away passing by themselves!† (572-73), demonstrating the amount Beowulf depends on his physical quality. Then again, Gawain’s first test isn't physical, however mental. He is compelled to demonstrate his faithfulness to Arthur, by offering his life to the Green Knight. He doesn't profess to be the best, or the most grounded, and in truth guarantees: â€Å"I am the most fragile, I am aware† (section 16). Gawain is showing his humility, and the medieval conviction that an individual ought to be unassuming about himself. This shows the quick contrast between the two societies. For the Anglo-Saxons, on the off chance that you needed individuals to know you’re a saint, you let them know you’re a legend. For Gawain, and the Knights of the Round Table, they should act humbler, so as to engage their Christian convictions. Notwithstanding, the two social orders do require their saints to show some comparative characteristics, the most well-known being fearlessness. Gawain must show how overcome he is by making a long and troublesome excursion to satisfy his promise, and pass on account of the Green Knight. Beowulf must show his fearlessness by warding off enormous beasts, even to the most recent day of his life. â€Å"Why would it be advisable for me to be terrified? /Of fate the reasonable or drear/by a man must be assayed† (24) shows how Gawain accepts a legend should maintain, respect and respect. He doesn't accept that venturing to his passing will be such an awful thing, since it will permit him to keep his respect flawless. This sounds fundamentally the same as â€Å"Let me liveâ in significance/and fearlessness, or here in this corridor welcome my death,† Beowulf’s idea of boldness. Beowulf accepts that it is possible that he is going to win, and murder Grendel, or Grendel will win and slaughter him. In any case, it is up to wyrd, his Fate. The likeness proceeds with the subject of liberality. Both attempt their hardest to not just keep all their earned riches (or scarcity in that department) to themselves. Beowulf, after accepting stacking treasures from Hrothgar, speedily apportions it among his men. He even â€Å"rewarded the boat’s gatekeeper/who had remained behind, with a blade that had pounded/gold injury on its handle,† (1901-03) demonstrating how he regards every one of his men as equivalents. The watchman’s work, to him, was similarly as significant as the various warriors that really went with him. Likewise, Sir Gawain tells the master of the house that he valued the neighborliness of the host by commenting â€Å"I would give you some guerdon readily, were I able† (82) preceding leaving. He says this to show the host his benevolence, yet in addition shows his liberality, showing the likenesses between the two societies. At long last, every ha a contrary perspective on their significance in the public arena. Beowulf accepts that the best thing somebody can do is gotten the most celebrated, and to have your name live on for eternity. â€Å"Fame after death/is the noblest of goals† (lines 1388-89). For him to pass on in fight is the absolute most significant thing he can do, to guarantee he lives on in legend. Then again, Gawain believes that he should do his part, and better the entire of Camelot. â€Å"Since this issue is absurd to such an extent that it nowise befits you,† (section 16) says that Gawain is happy to forfeit his own life to spare his ruler. He thinks he is the least of the Knights, and the most superfluous of them, and in this manner the best competitor. Moreover, â€Å"I would fainer fall dead than bomb in my errand† (42) demonstrates his devotion to the assignment he set out for. The two characters are as a glaring difference between their ideas of self-esteem. As should be obvious, the Anglo-Saxon and early English individuals held generally fluctuating thoughts of what a legend/pioneer figure ought to be. For the mysterious scop that composed Beowulf, fight, greatness, and acclaim were foremost; to the obscure vocalist of Sir Gawain, respect, trustworthiness, and steadfastness to one’s nation had top need.

Top Topics For Rhetorical Analysis Comparison Essay

Top Topics For Rhetorical Analysis Comparison EssayThere are a number of topics for rhetorical analysis comparison essay to choose from. These can be areas that you believe you need to study further. You could also decide to use these in order to boost your overall grade at the end of the year. However, there are some different rules to remember when choosing the best topic for your essay.The first thing to do is to look at the recent past. If you find yourself citing current events or historical figures, these should not be your topic for your comparison essay. Try to limit these to topics that are more of opinion.Next, you will want to know what kind of current events have happened in your area of interest. Are you interested in politics, television, or sports? By studying the current events, you will not only be able to learn more about a subject, but you will also be able to relate to those around you.The third part of the analysis is to look at the area of interest through the e yes of the author. You should know how an author would write a review.Read, if possible, the essay in its entirety. You will need to be able to identify the mistakes that the author made, and how the other person responded to the issues. By looking at the essay, you will get a good idea of what it is you will need to look out for.The fourth part of the analysis is to look at the grades that other students have given to the article you will be writing. If you are afraid of the essay being the last one of its kind, you will want to look at the grade report of other students who also took the same class. This will allow you to identify the style of writing that they used and which style appeals to them.When it comes to writing a comparison essay, you need to make sure that you have thoroughly looked at the different sources that you have in order to create the essay. This will help you identify the type of essay that you will need to create. Making sure that you have looked at the most relevant information will help you to focus on the importance of the essay.

The Involvement Of The Cyber Attack - 1564 Words

In 2007 Estonia was one of the most developed nations in Europe in terms of information and communication technology advancement. Estonia had a common practice of relying on the internet for business transactions. In the early weeks of spring, Estonia was hit by a series of politically motivated cyber-attacks. Numerous parties and organisation suffered different forms of denial of service. The main parties included the Estonian government agencies, schools, banks and Internet Service Providers. The motivation for the cyber attack was due to the fact that the Estonian government made the decision to move a Soviet memorial of World War II from its previous or initial location in central Tallinn to a military cemetery. This resulted to an outburst and riots in the Estonian streets, violence towards the Ambassador of Estonia, Russia implementing indirect economic sanctions and the most relevant, politically motivated cyber-attack against Estonia. The Estonian state wasn’t critica lly affected from the cyber attack of 2007, since to a high extend the state functions and objects of demanding information infrastructure were not interrupted. However, the world received a wake up call on the new and emerging threats of cyber attacks. Estonia is a small country in Europe which had an interesting history with Russia/Soviet Union in the past decade. It was once part of Russia until they declared independence in 1918. However, in 1940 it was invaded by Soviet Union which had controlShow MoreRelatedGermanys Current Cyber Strategy1564 Words   |  7 Pagesseparate countries, Belgium, and Russia, and examine what their cyber strategies are pertaining to warfare and defense or security, and current capabilities of these countries regarding cyber-attacks or warfare. 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Aging Essay - 716 Words

Aging Throughout the semester we have tried to understand individual choice and individual experiences in the context of social forces and constraints, and the patterning of experience by location in the social structure. Present your understanding of this very sociological perspective. Use examples and readings to support your position. Illustrate your points by referring to a specific phenomenon. Many times when asked about aging, people will respond with the statement, Aging is what you make of it. This statement places the responsibility to cope in society on the individual. Through careful analysis of the sociological perspective, this can be understood to be another blame the victim situation. Social forces are†¦show more content†¦These ageist stereotypes are socially constructed for a number of reasons the major one being to maintain the status quo. There are many consequences of ageist stereotypes including outright disdain and dislike, subtle avoidance of contact, discrimination in employment and housing, and the creation of a fear of growing older. Even the youngest children demonstrate ageist beliefs about older people. These childrens parents do not deliberately sit down and teach them these stereotypes. They learn them from all of society just as their parents learned them. This social construction of aging goes deep into society. It is in public policy, media, and just about every other major social institution. These factors can have tremendous influence on older adults and the aging experience. Since very part of society reinforces beliefs about what the aging experience is and should be, older adults do not have many individual choices to make the most out of aging. Society creates dependency of the older people through social institutions and programs. 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Combating Compassion Fatigue free essay sample

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the significance of Compassion Fatigue (CF) and its effects in the lives of caregivers. A caregiver is defined by dictionary. com as an individual, such as a physician, nurse, or social worker, who assists in the identification, prevention, or treatment of an illness or disability (dictionary. com). Caregivers may also include family members, friends or neighbors who voluntarily have accepted responsibility for looking after a vulnerable neighbor or relative. For the purpose of this paper, the primary caregivers discussed will be nurses. Most nurses chose nursing as a career because they have the desire to both help people and provide care for patients with physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual needs. Having this desire puts nurses at risk for suffering from CF. CF can affect nurses in many areas such as physically, emotionally, in job performance, as well as their attitude toward the work environment, coworkers, and their patients. Nurses suffering from CF may experience emotional symptoms that include, but not limited to; poor concentration, decreased focus, poor judgment, mood swings, irritability, anger and resentment (Eyre Lombardo, 2011). Work related symptoms that may be experienced are; avoidance or dread of working with certain patients, reduced ability to feel empathy towards patients or families, and frequent use of sick days (Eyre Lombardo, 2011). Physical symptoms often experienced are; headaches, digestive problems: diarrhea, constipation, and upset stomach, sleep disturbances: inability to sleep, insomnia, or too much sleep, and cardiac symptoms: chest pain/pressure, palpitations, and tachycardia (Eyre Lombardo, 2011). If compassion fatigue continues and no interventions are implemented to combat it, full Burn Out will result. Burn out (BO) is defined as exhaustion of physical or emotional strength or motivation usually as a result of prolonged stress or frustration, which gradually builds to a breaking point (www. merriam-webster. com). Nurses suffering from CF or burn out are unable to provide their patients optimal care. In order to build a healthy relationship with patients, a nurse must have a lot of compassion. CF prevents caregivers from showing compassion as well as preventing them from providing effective care because they are tired, unmotivated, and not giving prompt attention to their patients. This is problematic because patients want and deserve not only good clinical care but also the feeling and warmth and compassion from their nurse. When a nurse is experiencing CF or BO he or she may be plagued by negative emotions which include frustration, anger, depression, feeling stuck, feeling paralyzed, irritability toward coworkers and clients, cynicism, bitterness, and being negative about self, others, and the world in general (Espeland, 2006). What patient wants or deserves a nurse who has thought tendencies such as these? It may also cause a hostile work environment for their coworkers as well. Their family life is also affected. The main cause of compassion fatigue is the increasing workload of healthcare. Nurses frequently feel overworked and overwhelmed by competing demands on their time. Nurses and other caregivers are required to put in much more time dealing with inflexible aspects of healthcare such as completing paperwork and computer documentation (Windsor, 2007). They are also encouraged to see more patients in less time, leaving much less time for the nurse/patient relationship (Windsor, 2007). Many times nurse have to work short staffed, but are still expected to complete all components of the job. Increased patient load and the desire to complete all task without the possibility of overtime causes nurses to use their lunch hour or stay late to complete task and complete charting. Thus, in trying to save time, they eliminate the very things that replenish their physical, emotional, and spiritual stores such as exercise, family meals, friends outside of work, or meditation (Windsor, 2007). Many nurses such as this writer are trying to balance work, family and school as well as other life events, putting themselves at high risk for CF or BO. Other difficulties include staff communication problems including not being heard and feeling unsupported, as well as no time to build relationships with patients and families and no time to follow up on important issues. It’s imperative to know the causes and the signs of the condition in order to prevent it or get help. Nurses need to provide for their own wellbeing by meeting their physical, emotional, and spiritual needs. Physically, the nurse must participate in exercising, relaxation, maintaining adequate sleep and nutrition. It’s important for them to keep themselves healthy so they can help their patients. Not eating right, drinking plenty of water or getting enough rest puts them and those they care for at risk. Ways they can help themselves physically is by purposely taking some time to take a walk, even if it’s just for 15 minutes. This writer knows personally the benefits of a 15 minute walk. It helps relieves stress, it lowers your blood sugar, and relieves those aching muscles. Eating right is also very important. Many times nurses eat on the run, grabbing whatever they can eat and still move. This is unhealthy. Learning to eat frequent small healthy meals can make you feel like a new person. Fruit, salad and healthy snacks like yogurt and nuts should always be on the list. Taking care of emotional needs is just as important as the physical needs. Nurses can reach out to friends and coworkers when feeling emotionally stressed or drained. Sometimes just having someone to talk to or feel that you can relate to can be so helpful. Today, many facilities have programs to assist employees who are having trouble or feeling stressed. The facility this writer works in provides employees with a psychologist who is available when needed to meet and talk to staff in a private and professional manner. Talking with someone often helps alleviate compassion fatigue by bringing the stress out of yourself and into the open (Windsor, 2007). Colleagues are often a good resource in this area, as they may be having similar day-to-day experiences. Professional counselors are also a good source of help. They have special training and may be able to help create a recovery plan (Windsor, 2007). It’s also a good idea for administration to meet with the staff to find out how they feel about different aspects of the job, and to see if there are any ideas to make their work environment healthier, less stressful and more fulfilling. Spiritual needs may be the most important need of all. Growing spiritually in relationship with God can bring about true healing and resilience. Reading the Bible, praying and meditating are the prescriptions that help us to prevent compassion fatigue, minimize its severity or find healing. God is the one who gave us the desire to be caregivers in the first place, so He is ultimately the one that can help us when we are troubled. Frequently counting your blessings and thanking God for them is so helpful. It takes your mind off of your problems, and keeps you from complaining all the time and thinking negatively. Praying and asking God to show you the source of your struggle and whats bothering you can be the beginning of the healing process. Attending church services routinely can help to revitalize you and prepare you to deal with the many circumstances you may encounter. There are many resources and coping strategies that nurses can use. One thing nurses must do is to remember to take care of them-selves. They need to be mindful that it is not selfish to put them-selves first. If they are healthy physically, emotionally and spiritually, they can be of more assistance to those they care for. Participating in any programs that their place of work offers them to improve performance, encourages physical renewal, and allows for time to de-stress should be encouraged. Joining a gym to get adequate exercise is a good idea. If the nurse has problems with their diet, attending nutrition classes may be helpful. Having a positive self-image is also a coping strategy that is essential for nurses to combat CF. Clearing the mind of negative thoughts immediately is also important. Prayer and meditation is a way to keep the mind clear and on a positive thought path. Learning to provide compassionate care for oneself, allows you to provide that same care to someone else. The most important coping technique of all is balancing their giving to others with giving to themselves (Bush, 2009). Only when nurses take time to heal themselves can they be truly available to aid in the healing of others. The major preventive self-care tasks well understood by the majority of nurse caregivers (Bush, 2009), as previously stated in this paper are: exercising, relaxation, maintaining adequate sleep and nutrition, and reaching out for support from others. Conclusion In conclusion, suffering from this condition prevents nurses from providing quality care. Not recognizing or refusing to acknowledge and get help for compassion fatigue causes people to leave their profession, turn to drugs or alcohol, or in extreme cases become self-destructive or suicidal (Eyre Lombardo, 2011). In today’s economy compassion fatigue can be very costly personally and professionally for nurses and financially for institutions (Eyre Lombardo, 2011). It is important for nurses to become knowledgeable about compassion fatigue symptoms and intervention strategies and to develop a personal plan of care so as to and achieve a healthy work-life balance (Eyre Lombardo, 2011). Equally as important is that healthcare systems invest in creating healthy work environments that prevent ompassion fatigue and address the needs of nurses who are experiencing compassion fatigue. It is important that we all recognize and understand this condition for our own health, but also for our coworkers. If you notice a coworker who you feel may be suffering from CF, reach out to them. Let them know you care and are willing and available to talk if they need you (Eyre Lombardo, 2011). Remember yourself, and let your coworkers know that this condition is treatable, and you can get the help you need to get your life back on track.

Stopping By Woods Essays - Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening

Stopping By Woods The visible sign of the poet's preoccupation--the word is not too strong--is the recurrent image, particularly in his earlier work, of dark woods and trees, Often, as in the lyric with which we have begun, the world of the woods..., a world offering perfect quiet and solitude, exists side by side with the realization that there is also another world, a world of people and social obligations. Both worlds have claims on the poet. He stops by woods on this darkest evening of the year to watch them fill up with snow, and lingers so long that his little horse shakes his harness bells to ask if there is some mistake. The poet is put in mind of the promises he has to keep, of the miles he still must travel. We are not told, however, that the call of social responsibility proves stronger than the attraction of the woods, which are lovely as well as dark and deep; the poet and his horse have not moved on at the poem's end. The dichotomy of the poet's obligations both to the woods and to a wor ld of promises--the latter filtering like a barely heard echo through the almost hypnotic state induced by the woods and falling snow-is what gives this poem its singular interest.... The artfulness of Stopping by Woods consists in the way the two worlds are established and balanced. The poet is aware that the woods by which he is stopping belong to someone in the village; they are owned by the world of men. But at the same time they are his, the poet's woods, too, by virtue of what they mean to him in terms of emotion and private signification. . . . . What appears to be simple is shown to be not really simple, what appears to be innocent not really innocent.... The poet is fascinated and lulled by the empty wastes of white and black. The repetition of sleep in the final two lines suggests that he may succumb to the influences that are at work. There is no reason to suppose that these influences are benignant. It is, after all, the darkest evening of the year, and the poet is alone between the woods and frozen lake. His one bond with the security and warmth of the outer world, the little horse who wants to be about his errand, is an unsure one. The ascription of lovely to this scene of desolate woods, effacing snow, and black night complicates rather than alleviates the mood when we consider how pervasive are the connotations of dangerous isolation and menacing death. From From Woods to Stars: A Pattern of Imagery in Robert Frosts Poetry. South Atlantic Quarterly. Winter 1959. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jeffrey Meyers Like The Road Not Taken, it suggests vast thematic implications through a lucid narrative. . . . The most amazing thing about this work is that three of the fifteen lines (the last line repeats the previous one) are transformations from other poems. He gives his harness bells a shake comes from Scott's The Rover (in Palgrave): He gave the bridle-reins a shake.: The woods are lovely, dark and deep comes from Thomas Lovell Beddoes' The Phantom Wooer: Our bed is lovely, dark, and sweet. The concluding And miles to go before I sleep comes from Keats' Keen Fitful Gusts: And I have many miles on foot to fare. Though these three lines are variations from other poets, Frost, writing in the tradition of English verse, makes them original and new, and integrates them perfectly into his own poem. The theme of Stopping by Woods--despite Frost's disclaimer--is the temptation of death, even suicide Shakespeare Essays

Free Essays on Gender And Communication

The different ways men and women communicate has been a problem throughout time. This difference in communication style has created conflict in romantic relationships, marriages, and even friendships. To think of a world where men and women communicate on the same level is almost impossible to comprehend. We have been conditioned to believe that the genders will never see on an eye-to-eye basis and have accepted this. But, is it to hard to expect that the genders speak on the same level? From my findings in research, I think there is going to be a change in the way communication in relationships is conducted. This change may even arise in my own lifetime. Studies have shown that women are superior to men in verbal ability and men are better at visual/spatial ability. Unfortunately in most of these tests, this was only noted as slight difference and not always the case. It was only true on the average and didn’t account for those who scored substantially above or below their ge nder group’s level. These conclusions may also be based on cultural expectations and learned behaviors (Rathus 383). Psychological studies also revealed that men are more likely to show aggression in an open environment. Women tend to avoid confrontation until they are fully aware of all circumstances and consequences. Males tend to brag about their accomplishments in a confrontational situation, whereas women may show compassion for their victim (Rathus 383). Again these may be learned behaviors, or perhaps the levels of aggression causing chemicals running through a person’s body. Communication is linked with behavior and beliefs. The way people perceive themselves and the world around them affect the way they communicate. It was once believed that males were more intelligent than females because of their greater knowledge of world affairs and their skill in science and industry. We now recognize that greater male knowledge and skill reflected not differenc... Free Essays on Gender And Communication Free Essays on Gender And Communication The different ways men and women communicate has been a problem throughout time. This difference in communication style has created conflict in romantic relationships, marriages, and even friendships. To think of a world where men and women communicate on the same level is almost impossible to comprehend. We have been conditioned to believe that the genders will never see on an eye-to-eye basis and have accepted this. But, is it to hard to expect that the genders speak on the same level? From my findings in research, I think there is going to be a change in the way communication in relationships is conducted. This change may even arise in my own lifetime. Studies have shown that women are superior to men in verbal ability and men are better at visual/spatial ability. Unfortunately in most of these tests, this was only noted as slight difference and not always the case. It was only true on the average and didn’t account for those who scored substantially above or below their ge nder group’s level. These conclusions may also be based on cultural expectations and learned behaviors (Rathus 383). Psychological studies also revealed that men are more likely to show aggression in an open environment. Women tend to avoid confrontation until they are fully aware of all circumstances and consequences. Males tend to brag about their accomplishments in a confrontational situation, whereas women may show compassion for their victim (Rathus 383). Again these may be learned behaviors, or perhaps the levels of aggression causing chemicals running through a person’s body. Communication is linked with behavior and beliefs. The way people perceive themselves and the world around them affect the way they communicate. It was once believed that males were more intelligent than females because of their greater knowledge of world affairs and their skill in science and industry. We now recognize that greater male knowledge and skill reflected not differenc...

A Comparative Analysis of Natural Inclinations Essay

A Comparative Analysis of Natural Inclinations - Essay Example A philosopher like Hobbes would disagree. He would argue that our natural inclinations are competitive, and that we are naturally destined for destruction. In between these two extremes is the notion of rationality. Kant, for instance, argues that we can overcome our natural inclinations, whatever they may be, by using reason.This question is significant because the answer has important implications. How we choose to govern ourselves depends, in large part, on how we answer the question of natural inclinations. How constitutions and legislation treat notions of liberty and freedom of expression, for example, depend on the extant to which the drafters perceive human beings to be capable of moderating their behavior. In short, how we choose to form laws to govern ourselves is dependent on our assumptions regarding our natural inclinations.These are a few of the questions posed and addressed in the works of John Stuart Mill, Thomas Hobbes, and Immanuel Kant. This essay will identify eac h thinker's analysis of the human being's natural inclinations, the implications of each thinker's analysis, and then offer a brief comparative analysis.As an initial matter, John Stuart Mill, in Utilitarianism, argues that natural inclinations are not innate. Human beings are not born with a natural predisposition to compete (Mill, 1863). Satisfaction of our basest needs, such as food, shelter, or a mate, does not compel us to satisfy our needs at all costs. We do not begin hunting for food until we are taught how to hunt. We do not steal the food of others until we are aware of the possibility of stealing. Nor do we believe in monogamy or polygamy at birth. These are not natural drives. They are not genetic predispositions. Who we are is the product of our environment. Our inclinations, as they develop throughout our lives, are taught and learned. In Mill's view, therefore, an innate compulsion or natural inclination is absent in the very beginning. On this basis, he reasons that the formation of laws should be used to condition people. More specifically, he believes that the creation of a fair and just society will create fair and just citizens. We should discourage authoritarian forms of government, for instance, because they are unnecessary and because they will teach us destructive habits. To this end, he advocates personal liberties and freedom of expression. The government does not need to dominate its people because its people are conditioned by these broader concepts of justice, moderation, and restraint. They will follow the examples set forth in just and reasonable laws. More specifically, he advocates the formation of laws which emphasize the satisfaction of the people rather than the domination of the people. Mill states that, "Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness" (Mill, 1863). His notion of happiness is twofold. First, happiness is physical pleasure. Laws should encourage and allow people to pursue interests of importance to the individual. Second, happiness is mental pleasure. Freedom of expression and diversity of opinion are to be valued rather than prohibited. Proper laws can, in the final analysis, teach us how to be happy and thereafter operate to sustain our happiness. The significant point is that human beings are not naturally inclined to commit bad or destructive acts; on the contrary, we are capable of forming laws and principles which can result in moderate political and social structures. Mill employs a balancing test. The goal is to promote maximum happiness while minimizing unhappiness. This tends toward

In the Introduction to Democracy in America, Tocqueville claims that a Essay

In the Introduction to Democracy in America, Tocqueville claims that a great democratic revolution is taking place and tha - Essay Example He believed the creation of America, a land of equality and liberty, where all workers are valued with high esteem is a prominent step in world history. Hence he defined it as the â€Å"most continuous, the oldest, and the most permanent fact known in history†. Why Marx Won’t Agree? Karl Marx saw American Democracy as a mere power shift from monarchies to capitalistic companies he referred as â€Å"bourgeoisie†. Karl Marx differed with Tocqueville because of several reasons. The communists were very clear no social equality would prevail in a country whose economy is driven by capitalism. So, who was actually right? In a sense both of them were right. Both these scholars interpreted the happenings of their time with the wisdom they gained from the circumstances they were born, bought up and lived. Tocqueville was a born in a family regarded with high esteem in France. His family was equivalent to that of nobles. He studied politics and pursued a career in the sam e. Born on 1805, the most prominent occurrences of his time revolved around the American Independence and the French Revolution. Tocqueville was bought up as an aristocrat, but his compassion and humanity made him think revolutionarily. He wanted to do something to improve the pathetic life of the peasants. His mindset did not allow him to see them as the equals of the nobles. He viewed the American democracy which provided great labour freedom, high wages and the ability for everyone to become rich as the best way to improve the lives of the struggling men. His view of helping the workers was quite capitalistic. It was seen from the prospective of a noble or a company head. It was similar to a parental love expressed to children. The parents do what they think is best for the children. It is up to the child to make use of the facilities and prosper in life. A Practical and Foresighted View Karl Marx was born on 1818 in Germany. He belonged to a modest middle-cast family. He got mor e chance to mix with the less deprived people in the society directly. He was one amongst them, who rose to great fame, not because of high class education or family background, but just through his self-acquired intellectuality. His view about American capitalism and democracy is similar to that of a friends approach to a fellow’s problem. Friends understand better than parents as they are in a similar situation to the child. A child can grow without parents, but not without friends. Hence, Marx theories gain more importance than Tocqueville principles. Marx’s view of democracy means keeping everything common for everybody, converting every labour into an owner and every owner into a worker. Abraham Lincoln expressed the same view in a different way in his Gettysburg Address. He said â€Å"As I would not be a slave, so I would not be a master.† He strongly believed anything different from this would only damage democracy. Two Different Poles Tocqueville thought wealth distribution was unnecessary. He simply felt the steps taken by the American government to bridge the gap between the poor and the rich are enough. He strongly felt, division of property will only increase poor’s hatred towards the rich (De Tocqueville, 192). He had no second thoughts about presenting enough opportunities for everyone though. This is where Marx and Tocqueville differ like opposite poles of a magnet. Marx argues there should be no such opportunity present to anyone, as it will pave for another dominant class. The communists

Motivation in the Workplace Essay Example for Free

Motivation in the Workplace Essay Motivation is difficult to explain and practice. However motivation is still the one thing that makes people productive in their jobs. Whether the motivation is tangible or not, it all depends on the individual and how management takes the information and applies it. There are many theories and practices that can be studied and applied to any situation. Motivational theories are studied and practiced by theorists and companies to increase productivity. According to Jerald Greenberg (1999) scientist have defined motivations â€Å"as the process of arousing, directing and maintaining behavior towards a goal†. The act of arousing is related to the desire and vigor to produce. Directing is the election of behavior, and maintenance is the inclination to behave a certain manner until the desired outcome is met (Greenberg 1999). Much of the motivation theories will be related to the definition provided. Some major motivation theories along with the method to successfully motivate employees will be introduced. The theory and method that a manager may choose to use will depend on the environment and on the individual. There are two types of motivation theories content and process. The Content theories are based on the basic need and drives. The other theories focus on the process by which people are motivated (Pepitone, 1999). Content theories of motivation focus on this question: What causes behavior to occur and stop? The answers usually center on (1) the needs, motives or desires that drive pressure and forces employees to action and (2)employees relationships to the incentive that lead, induce, pull and persuade them to perform. The needs or motives are internal to the individual. They cause people to choose a specific course of action to satisfy a need. Incentives are external factors that give value or utility to the goal or outcome of the employees behavior (Pepitone, 1999). Abraham H. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is a content motivational theory. Maslow’s basis was human behavior. He conducted his investigation between 1939 and 1943. The hierarchy of needs has five sets of goals that are called basic needs. Maslow’s idea was â€Å" people will not be healthy and well-adjusted unless they have their needs met† (Greenberg 1999). Maslow arranged the needs in different levels in order of importance. As in a hierarchy the lower level are the most basic needs and the top are the higher level needs. Looking at the figure below one can see how the hierarchy works. The lower order needs must be met before proceeding to the higher order needs. According to Greenberg (1999), Maslow’s needs are in the following order: physiological need, safety need, social need, esteem need, and self-actualization. Man’s basic needs are physiological, for example, hunger, thirst, sleep, etc. When these are satisfied they are replaced by safety needs reflecting ones desire for protection against danger or deprivation. These in turn, when satisfied are replaced by the need for love or belonging to, which are functions of man’s desire to belong to a group, to give and receive friendship and to associate happily with people. When these needs have been satisfied, the esteem needs seeks to be met. One desires self -esteem and self-respect, which are affected by a person’s standing reputation, and his need for recognition and appreciation. Finally, individuals have a need for self-actualization or a desire for self-fulfillment. The urge by individuals for self-development, creativity and job satisfaction (Boeree 1999) In the past, management rewards systems have attempted to satisfy an individual’s lower level needs for safety and physiological security, for protection against deprivation and the threat to a worker or his family. However, management rewards systems should be, aiming to satisfy the individual’s actual need (Boeree 1999). When believed that a certain reward is important and can be attained, the individual will demonstrate a given amount of effort. This in turn will be demonstrated in performance. The link between effort, performance and expectancy is about accomplishing the task. The links between the performance and reward are connected. One’s assumption for whether the rewards are available if the person worked effectively describes the link. In this link the manager/organization is responsible of acknowledging the performance of the employee. If the manager/organizatio n does not acknowledge the employee, there can be a breakdown in the motivation. The acknowledgment needs to be direct, strong, and immediate. Employees usually determine in advance what their behavior may accomplish and the value they place on alternative possible accomplishments or outcomes. Goal setting theory is the specification of goal to increase performance. Assigning difficult goals usually result in higher performance. Goal setting has three components that have to be used to successfully apply this concept. First the identification of the process, then the characteristics and finally the feedback. The characteristics of goal setting consist of making the goal specific and challenging. The goal must be challenging to increase self-efficacy. It has been noted that a difficult task tends to increase an employee’s performance. This may be because usually people work harder to reach a challenging goal as long it is believed that it can be done. Lastly, feedback will allow people to be informed of their progress. This stage usually included praises about the good job that has been done (Wheaton Cameron, 1998). The descriptions of content and process theories of motivation dealing with organizational and individual behavior are briefly explained. The explanation is only a basis for a better understanding on why and how to approach the concept of motivating employees. All the theories conclude that the manner that managers perceive their organizations and their employees affect their productivity. Whether they are private, public or non-profit organization their aim is to be productive and effective. When looking at the different sectors, they have different goals and objectives, and therefore they must take different approaches in management. Though this may be true we must also acknowledge that all sectors require one to motivate their staff to produce. As managers we must into consideration the different type of individual that make up our organizations. One must modify management styles and behaviors. Dr. Renis Likert has researched many organizations and developed an effective manner to motivate employees and have a productive organization. He has identified four management styles that he feels should be a part of management style in an organization. First exploitive style is where management makes all the decisions and the lower levels are given no power this style has an authoritative approach. The second is the benevolent style that has an authoritative approach, however in this case the management has some trust. The consultative style has substantial amount of trust in their staff. The staff is motivated by reward and some involvement. There is some communication and teamwork involved. Lastly the participative style is more of the group approach. Management has confidences in their staff and the staff feels responsible in accomplishing the organizations mission. This style encourages communication and teamwork. The participative style is the best approach for profit and customer service organizations. Organizations should make the transition to train management to motivate their staff using the participative approach (Cook 1991). As a manager it is difficult to motivate your staff to be productive; however, using certain methods can create a positive environment. It was thought that money motivated people but that has changed. Much of the theories discussed before deal with individual behaviors and needs. One can conclude that motivation is internal and as employers one must make observations and decide what each individual desires. According to Cook (1991) manager must give their staff as much as an organization can. Many employees want to have benefits and security, however; what happens after a job has provided those needs. Remember that Maslow theory has the five needs of an individual and they do not all deal with the necessary needs. As an employer identifying what stage your employee is in will help in putting a plan into action. Collaboration is a way to give employees the feeling of importance. Eliminating any kind of obstacle will create an atmosphere that your staff is eager to perform (Bruce, A. Pepitone, J. 1999). Another approach is educating your employees and matches them to projects that they find interesting and those on which they are knowledgeable. Employees are willing to work harder on projects that they can relate to. This will also increase their success rate that will help in improving their self-esteem. Yet another way to increase productivity is with empowerment. Giving people the choice to make decisions and giving them the tools and supports to their job will increase the inner motivation force within the employees. Encourage staff to satisfy their need for affiliation and create a relationship with the employee to be part of the organizations mission. It is difficult to motivate employees when a manager’s view is negative. For instance a manager’s behavior is explained with McGregors Theory X or Theory Y. In this case a manager must identify what style of managing is most effective. Building morale is an important concept when motivating employees. Morale will help create productivity in an organization. Developing a shared vision is a way to begin building morale. For instance as managers, one must communicate views honestly a directly during discussion with employees about performance. Make sure they have the necessary information to do their job. Allow employees to influence their own performance goals. Get out of the offi ce, be visible and accessible. Communicate a clear view of the long-range direction of the organization. Listen carefully and consider the opinions of others open-mindedly before evaluating staff. Communicate high personal standards informally with day-to-day contact. Remember to acknowledge the progress that the staff has achieved either with certificates, a note or just a tap on the shoulder. The staff wants to be told that they are doing a good job (Pepitone Bruce, 1999). Again empowering staff requires some basic principles. Inform the staff what their responsibilities are. Give them authority equal to their responsibilities. Set standards of excellence. Provide people with training that will enable them to meet these standards. Provide feedback on performance. Recognize them for their achievements. Trust and treat them with dignity and respect (Nelson 1997). Showing staff that management is listening and affirming that you understand their view will create positive work environment. The language that use is also very important. Using â€Å"we† and â€Å"us† when speaking of the organization this will make the staff feel a part of the organization, thus improving the productivity of the staff. Encourage employees to make suggestion no matter how small the idea may be, and this will create a comfortable environment and inspire more significant ideas (Cook 1991). It is important to point out, however, that motivation must be used wisely. The misuse of some theories and techniques could result in negative consequences. Remember that employees who receive rewards on performance tend to perform better than employees in groups where rewards are not based on performance. Understanding the causes of human behavior can predict the behavior to the extent that the behavior can be controlled. Therefore, if managers understand the relationship between incentives, motivation, and productivity, they should be able to predict the behavior of their employees. Consequently, managers who know this, and know how to apply given incentive, can expect to realize increased productivity from employees. Today, 70% of employees are less motivated while 50% only put enough effort into their work to keep their job (Spitzer 1995). Many managers are not sure of the technique to use to motivate their staff. The best way to find what motivates staff is to ask them directly. This may be done informally or during performance evaluations. Find out what he/she wants from the organization and what makes them happy. A happy employee will be more productive than an unhappy one. If there has been a problem with absenteeism it may be because the organization is not fulfilling their needs. Whether it is need for achievement, the need for power, the need for affiliation, or the basic needs as studied by Herzberg, McClelland, or Maslow as a manager must examine and modify the management approach. References Boeree, C. George (2006) Abraham Maslow. Available: http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/maslow.html Cook, M. (1991). 10-Minute Guide to Motivating People. New York: Alpha Book Greenberg, J. (1999) Managing Behavior in Organizational (2nd Ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall Learning, Reinforcement, Reward System and Self-Management Teams. Available: www.emporio.edu Nelson, B (1997). 1001 Ways to Energize Employees. New York: Workman Publishing Pepitone, J. Bruce, A. (1999) Motivating Employees. New York: McGraw Hill Spitzer, D. (1995). Super Motivation. New York: AMACON. Wheaton Cameron.(1998) Developing Management Skills 4th Ed. Addison –Wesley Inc

Frankenstein is Not a Natural Philosopher Essay examples -- Shelley Fr

Smith’s article ‘Frankenstein and natural magic’ takes a literary approach to the analysis of ‘Frankenstein’ although this is supported by some background scientific knowledge. Through the article, Smith describes the impacts science has made on Frankenstein’s life . Smith plays close attention to Frankenstein’s childhood, where he discovered the ancient philosophers, and his Ingolstadt years. It is in these periods where Smith argues that Frankenstein is not a natural philosopher but a natural magician due to his affinity for the ancient natural sciences, the romantic genius he posses and by contrasting Frankenstein against traditional, enlightenment stereotypes of the natural philosophers within the text and the greater Socio-historical context. However, this is in contrast to the arguments of Sleigh, who by comparing Aldini to Frankenstein, attempts to rationalise his actions and draw parallels with the attitudes of the modern philos ophers. In Sleigh’s ‘Life, Death and Galvanism’ the analysis is significantly more scientific than Smith’s consequently this is done at the expense of true literary discussion and thus only brief passing references are made to Shelly’s ‘Frankenstein’ therefore the reader has to pry out comparisons between Frankenstein and Aldini. The article itself is the story of Aldini and his uses of Galvanism but it also draws on considerable philosophical ideas to analyse the thought process of Aldini. Like Smiths text, the article is chronological and details events from 1808 onwards. Her argument concedes that Aldini and Frankenstein may have had similar attitudes due to the nature of their work, their need for ‘Inspiration and their backgrounds. One could theorise that although Frankenstein shows to be mor... ...in. She argues that they have a similar attitude and their actions are only slightly dissimilar. Nonetheless, one can question the reliability of Aldini as a representative of natural philosophy because of Smith’s focal description of a natural philosopher, thus alerting us to Frankenstein’s incompatibility with the traits given to a natural philosopher. Thereby arguing that Frankenstein was no natural philosopher. Works Cited Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Joseph, M. K, Frankenstein; or The modern Prometheus. London, New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. Sleigh, Charlotte. ‘Life, Death and Galvanism.’ Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and biomedical Sciences 29 (1998): 219-248 Smith, Crosbie. ‘Frankenstein and Natural Magic.’ In Frankesntein:Creation and Monstrosity, edited by Stephen Bann, 35-59. London: Reaktion, 1994. Frankenstein is Not a Natural Philosopher Essay examples -- Shelley Fr Smith’s article ‘Frankenstein and natural magic’ takes a literary approach to the analysis of ‘Frankenstein’ although this is supported by some background scientific knowledge. Through the article, Smith describes the impacts science has made on Frankenstein’s life . Smith plays close attention to Frankenstein’s childhood, where he discovered the ancient philosophers, and his Ingolstadt years. It is in these periods where Smith argues that Frankenstein is not a natural philosopher but a natural magician due to his affinity for the ancient natural sciences, the romantic genius he posses and by contrasting Frankenstein against traditional, enlightenment stereotypes of the natural philosophers within the text and the greater Socio-historical context. However, this is in contrast to the arguments of Sleigh, who by comparing Aldini to Frankenstein, attempts to rationalise his actions and draw parallels with the attitudes of the modern philos ophers. In Sleigh’s ‘Life, Death and Galvanism’ the analysis is significantly more scientific than Smith’s consequently this is done at the expense of true literary discussion and thus only brief passing references are made to Shelly’s ‘Frankenstein’ therefore the reader has to pry out comparisons between Frankenstein and Aldini. The article itself is the story of Aldini and his uses of Galvanism but it also draws on considerable philosophical ideas to analyse the thought process of Aldini. Like Smiths text, the article is chronological and details events from 1808 onwards. Her argument concedes that Aldini and Frankenstein may have had similar attitudes due to the nature of their work, their need for ‘Inspiration and their backgrounds. One could theorise that although Frankenstein shows to be mor... ...in. She argues that they have a similar attitude and their actions are only slightly dissimilar. Nonetheless, one can question the reliability of Aldini as a representative of natural philosophy because of Smith’s focal description of a natural philosopher, thus alerting us to Frankenstein’s incompatibility with the traits given to a natural philosopher. Thereby arguing that Frankenstein was no natural philosopher. Works Cited Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Joseph, M. K, Frankenstein; or The modern Prometheus. London, New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. Sleigh, Charlotte. ‘Life, Death and Galvanism.’ Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and biomedical Sciences 29 (1998): 219-248 Smith, Crosbie. ‘Frankenstein and Natural Magic.’ In Frankesntein:Creation and Monstrosity, edited by Stephen Bann, 35-59. London: Reaktion, 1994.

Explain Kants Theory of Ethics Essay

Kant was born in 1724-1804, he was a German thinker from East Prussia (now Russia), and he spent his whole life in his hometown. Kant wanted to create a logical, stand-alone theory that wasn’t just based on assumptions, he believed in an objective right or wrong that is decided on reason and that we shouldn’t do the right thing just because it’s right and not to fulfil our desires. Can we lead a life following his ideals are there not some situations where a perfect moral decision cannot be made, are all our choices fuelled by personal gain and desire? He has a deontological and absolute approach to ethics, to Kant what makes an action good is when you do your ‘duty’ and that one’s duty is to always flow the moral law. We should not act out of love or compassion. The motive is what makes an action good –nothing else! The consequences to Kant are meaningless it’s the act itself that needs to be right an example of his thinking would be its immoral to kill 1 man in order to save 10. For Kant the fact that we ‘ought’ to do something implies that it is possible to do it. Thus moral statements are prescriptive: they prescribe an action. Ought implies can, ‘if I ought to do X’, it means ‘I can do X’. Kant also believed that moral statements are a priori (knowable prior to experience) and synthetic, that they can be verified by our empirical evidence so are either true or false. Kant put forward the idea of two imperatives the hypothetical imperative, these are not moral commands and they don’t apply to everyone. In Kant’s eyes you only need to obey them if you want to achieve a certain goal. An example of this would be that Kant observed that the word ‘ought’ is often used none morally, for example ‘if you want to become a better artist or guitarist, you ought to practice’. On the other hand Kant also proposed the Categorical Imperative, these are moral commands that can be universalised and do not depend on anything else. Whereas the hypothetical imperative requires you to go from ‘a’ to ‘b’ then categorical imperative only requires you to just do ‘a’. â€Å"Duties for duties sake† this related to the categorical imperative. Kant then goes on to the 3 maxims, first off to test a moral maxim as it’s a universal law either everyone should follow it or everyone should reject it. The first maxim is ‘Your action should be able to be universalised’ before you act in a certain way, would you like everyone in the same situation to act in the same way. If not, then you are involved in a contradiction it goes against reason, â€Å" so at that principle of action might safely be made of law for the whole world† if you were to take lying through the first maxim its clear it would fail as that would mean everyone would be lying to one another and trust is completely destroyed. The second maxim is ‘Don’t treat people as a means to an end’ Kant strongly believed that you can never use human beings as a means to an end, to exploit or enslave them. Humans to Kant are all the highest point of creation and so demand a unique treatment. This guarantees that all individuals are afforded the moral principles; therefore no humans can be used for the sake of others, he also explained that we have a duty to develop our own perfection, developing our moral, intellectual and physical capabilities. We also have a duty to seek the happiness of others as long as that is within the law and allows the freedom of others. â€Å"Always recognise that human individually are ends and do not use them as a means to your end† therefore you can’t lie for example to further your own needs at the cost of using someone. Kant’s final and third maxim ‘ work towards a kingdom of ends’ this is an overall culmination of the first two, everyone should act as if every person was a ‘end’ and that moral choices be based on any empirical consideration about human nature, human flourishing or human destiny. However it needs to be clear that despite this autonomy this does not mean that everyone can just decide their own morality but rather that each individual has the ability to understand the principles of pure practical reason and follow them. It is impartial and must apply to everyone. If one maxim is disproved then the law becomes immoral and can’t be universalised. Kant also talked about good will and duty, to Kant the ‘greatest good or summon bonum’ is what Kant terms as good will. Someone of good will is not good because of what they achieve (the consequence) but because he/she acts out of duty. Good will to Kant is the only thing that is truly pure, as we can get our reasoning wrong or it can be manipulated, but to have the good will to perform your duty cannot be manipulated or got wrong. Kant contrasted ‘doing your duty’ with ‘giving into your emotions’ or doing what you feel like. The main two meanings of duty come into conflict as the first thought meaning of duty is to obey your superior, this is what the Nazi soldiers claimed innocence about when they were trialled for war crimes they were just following orders but is that moral? To obey the moral law do the right thing and think a situation through is Kant’s meaning of duty â€Å"Good will shines forth like a precious jewel† –Kant. Kant’s theory of ethics seems to grant freedom to do anything that can be universalised. This sets the limits but does not give guidance; therefore in order for it to make sense Kant proposed the three postulates, the existence of god, freedom and immorality. We know that morality can exist because we can observe it. However we must be free to perform it as otherwise the act wouldn’t be truly moral. Morality and freedom must come from somewhere to Kant this is God. Kant argues that there must be a God and an afterlife as there has to be some sort of reward. As we cannot be perfect in this life. This is known as reaching the summon bonum that I mentioned earlier, as this cannot be achieved in this life, there must be an afterlife where this can be achieved. For Kant, morality leads to God. Part B: Assess the view that it is always right to keep one’s promises. In Kant’s view immorality occurs when the categorical imperative is not followed: when a person attempts to set a different standard for themselves then for the rest of humanity. In the Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, once Kant has derived his categorical imperative he applies it to a number of examples. The second example and probably the most analysed is that of an unfaithful promise. Kant applies his imperative to a person who is short of money who intends to ask for a loan, promising to repay it, but with no intention of doing so. When Kant applies the categorical imperative to this situation he discovers that it leads to a contradiction, for if breaking promises were to become universal then no person would ever agree to a promise and promises would disappear. Kant connects rationality with morality, and sees contradictory behaviour as immoral. Some critics have argued that Kant never asserts the connection between rationality and morality, but most dismiss this and point out that Kant clearly explains how morality must be based upon reason and not upon desires. Another weakness is that what if your friend told you a secret that he was planning to murder someone, it would be your obligation to keep it but is that morally right? Could that surpass the 3 maxims, in the second maxim there can be no use of one individual for the sake of another, are you forsaking the person that is planned to be murdered just to keep a promise. However on the other hand there are strengths to Kant’s way of thinking as it means everyone single human has intrinsic value, actions are based on reason and logic and there are 3 straightforward maxims that need to be followed so it cuts out many grey areas as if it simply doesn’t follow the maxims it can’t be universalised. Other theories, utilitarianism for example would say it would be wrong to keep a promise of a secret of planned bomb attack that would kill hundreds as you would be saving hundreds of lives by informing the police. Utilitarian’s believe that the outcome outweighs the action. In my opinion I agree with Kant theory as I believe there needs to be trust between people, as relationships with people would mean nothing also it’s a matter of honour if you gave your word to someone I will promise you this etc. then it has to be in the best of your ability to fulfil it if it’s a good cause and not unjust. However in extreme cases such as say the promise of keeping a secret of a planned terrorist attack I would have to side with the utilitarian approach.

Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the...

The Role of Fate in Oedipus the King In Oedipus the King, one can easily see the tragedy that comes when Oedipus lives out fate, although not of his own intentions. Oedipus did everything in his own power in order to keep the prophecies from being fulfilled. One might even say that Oedipus ran from fate. Webster defines tragedy as a medieval narrative poem or tale typically describing the downfall of a great man. Oedipus the King is certainly a tragedy, and as Dr. Lucas states in his blog, Character V. Fate, it is the definitive tragedy (p.2). It is difficult to see Oedipus as a bad man. In order for the story to be considered a tragedy, Oedipus must have been a great man. Of course he made some poor choices, but most of his†¦show more content†¦Of course it is not possible to completely absolve Oedipus from blame, but one can certainly understand much of his wrongdoings that he later so severely punished himself for. Dr. Lucas says in Character V. Fate that Oedipus ultimately takes responsibility for his actio ns ( Lucas p. 2). Only a great man would take responsibility for a wrongdoing that he had been able to get away with for so long. It had been years before when Oedipus killed Laius. He was able to marry and have children with Jacosta. Oedipus felt that it was his duty as King to uncover the reason behind the plague that was hurting the people in his Kingdom. Oedipus took responsibility and probably punished himself more than Creon or any other would have. While living in ignorance to the sins that Oedipus had committed Oedipus could see and serve as King. He chose to blind himself when he learned the truth. The prophecies that he had been willing to forsake his homeland for had come true without Oedipus even realizing it. He left home to protect his birth father, whom he had loved. By not allowing Oedipus to know the truth of his ancestry, his family had opened the door for his fall. Revermann also says Oedipus is indeed trapped by these two old men (Revermann p. 4). Oedipus lived without knowing what he was doing. The truth was too difficult for Oedipus to deal with. He had tried so hard to avoid the horrific prophecies, and fell right into them. He believed that he had a choice, but Oedipus didShow MoreRelatedFate vs Free Will1663 Words   |  7 PagesOedipus The King: Fate Vs. Free Will The ancient Greek writer, Sophocles suggests that while there are factors beyond mankind’s control that we have the power to make choices that affect our destiny. In his play, Oedipus the King, Sophocles makes it quite clear that although everyone is born with a fate, you have the ability to alter its direction and toll. 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